Barak Rosenshine's Principles of Instruction are a set of $\mathbf{10}$ research-based guidelines for effective teaching, derived from cognitive science, observations of "master teachers," and research on cognitive supports. They provide a framework for structuring lessons to help students efficiently acquire, practice, and connect new knowledge, primarily by managing their cognitive load and ensuring long-term retention.
The principles are supported by evidence from three key areas:
Cognitive Science: this research highlights the limitations of working memory (the mental space for processing information) and the importance of automaticity (fluent recall) in freeing up mental capacity for higher-level thinking.
Master Teachers:the principles summarize the instructional methods and classroom routines consistently used by teachers whose students showed the largest academic gains.
Cognitive Supports: these are scaffolding techniques, like models and prompts, that help students successfully navigate difficult material.
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